Psychology-Object relations essays

Psychology-Object relations essays Object Relations theorists conceptualize therapeutic action differently then Freud, stressing the need for change in mental representations of the self, object and the affect connecting the two. They believe that such changes are brought about not only through analyst interpretation, but also through the therapeutic relationship. Generally, Object Relations theorists believe that the therapeutic relationship should provide a holding environment for the patient; an environment in which the patients self and object representations, along with their affective states, are held and then returned to the patient after they have been processed and modified by the therapist. To do this effectively, the analyst deals with a narrative rather than historical truth. That is the object, the mental representation of another person, can, and often is based on a distortion. It is this internalized object that the analyst must contend with. Object relations theory follows Erik Ericksons theory of development, which grew from and was consistent with Freuds theory. Erickson described eight stages of the life cycle. The stages are not fixed in time, but a person may have residual problems carried from one stage to the next causing stress or regression. He believed that the goal of therapy is to recognize how a person passed through the various life cycles and then work through unresolved conflicts by way of the therapeutic relationship. Object relations theories vary widely; some are consistent with Freudian theories, others are not. Melanie Klien postulated a theory of internal object relations that was closely linked to drives. She suggests that the infant ego undergoes a splitting process to deal with the terror of annihilation. She thought that Freuds concept of the death instinct was key to understanding aggression, hatred and badness. Klein espoused a persecutor...

Ray Tomlinson Invented Internet-Based Email

Ray Tomlinson Invented Internet-Based Email Electronic mail  (email) is a way of exchanging digital messages between people using different computers.   Email operates across  computer networks, which in the 2010s, pretty much means the internet. Some early email systems required the writer and the recipient to both be  online  at the same time, sort of like instant messaging. Todays email systems are based on a  store-and-forward  model. Email  servers  accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect only briefly, typically to a  mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages. From ASCII to MIME Originally an  ASCII  text-only communications medium, Internet email was extended by  Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions  (MIME) to carry text in other character sets and multimedia content attachments.  International email, with internationalized email addresses, has been standardized, but as of 2017, not widely adopted. The history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the early  ARPANET, with standards for encoding email messages proposed as early as 1973. An email message sent in the early 1970s looks very similar to a basic text email sent today. Email played an important part in creating the Internet,  and the conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services. The ARPANET initially used extensions to the  File Transfer Protocol  (FTP) to exchange network email, but this is now done with the  Simple Mail Transfer Protocol  (SMTP). Ray Tomlinsons Contributions Computer engineer Ray Tomlinson invented internet-based email in late 1971. Under ARPAnet, several major innovations occurred: email (or electronic mail), the ability to send simple messages to another person across the network (1971). Ray Tomlinson worked as a computer engineer for Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), the company hired by the United States Defense Department to build the first Internet in 1968. Ray Tomlinson was experimenting with a popular program he wrote called SNDMSG that the ARPANET programmers and researchers were using on the network computers (Digital PDP-10s) to leave messages for each other. SNDMSG was a local electronic message program. You could only leave messages on the computer that you were using for other persons using that computer to read. Tomlinson used a file transfer protocol that he was working on called CYPNET to adapt the SNDMSG program so it could send electronic messages to any computer on the ARPANET network. The Symbol Ray Tomlinson chose the symbol to tell which user was at what computer. The goes in between the users login name and the name of his/her host computer. What Was the First Email Ever Sent? The first email was sent between two computers that were actually sitting beside  each other. However, the ARPANET network was used as the connection between the two. The first email message was QWERTYUIOP. Ray Tomlinson is quoted as saying he invented email,Mostly because it seemed like a neat idea. No one was asking for email.

Vicarious Liability and the Close Connection Test Essay

Vicarious Liability and the Close Connection Test - Essay Example In Lister, the close connection test was first enumerated, finding that it was fair and just to find a close connection between the warden's sexual abuse of boys in his care and his duties as a warden. In other words, in this case, it found that the sexual abuse was inextricably woven in the duties of the warden, in that if the warden did not have the duties that he did   - checking up on children at night, alone – then the warden would not have the opportunity to sexually abuse the boys in his care. While this case was landmark, in that it put employers on the hook for intentional torts if the intentional torts arose because the duties of the employee essentially allowed the intentional tort to occur, this rule is not sufficiently bright line to encompass every situation. This principle would come into play in the case of Dubai Aluminum v. Salaam as well.   In the case of Dubai, the question was whether the firm would be liable for tortious acts of a member of the partner ship, as well as acts which would be considered to be equitable wrongs, such as the wrongs which were engaged in by Salaam in this case.   There are elements of agent and principle in this case, because Amhurst in this case would be considered to be an agent of the solicitor firm that he was a partner of.   However, in this case, it was held to be in the ordinary course of business, so both tortious wrongs and dishonest breaches would make the firm vicariously liable, therefore the principle should be on the hook for the agent's acts.... i case, it has long been a tenant for torts that it does not matter if something is expressly forbidden – typically the employer would still be liable for the actions of the employee. This principle was established in 1862 with the case of Limpus v. London General Omnibus Co.2 In the Limpus case, the company expressly told the driver of the omnibus not to race other omnibuses, yet the driver did this, and the omnibus overturned. However, the Limpus case is difficult to square with another case with similar facts, which found that if an employee does something that is not done with the knowledge or consent of the employer, this often means that the employer is not vicariously liable for the resulting negligence, which puts the onus on the injured party. The case is Conway v. George Wimpey & Co. Ltd.3 In the Conway case, the employee picked up the plaintiff, who was also an employee, and got into an accident. Since the employer did not know nor authorize the employee to do this, it was held that the employer was not liable. This seems to be an arbitrary case, in light of the principles set forth in Limpus. New Close Connection Test While the old test states that employers are generally no liable for their employees’ intentional acts, this has been evolving. Consider the case of Lister v. Hesley Hall Ltd.4 This apparently was one of the first times that employers are said to be liable for intentional acts of their employees. In Lister, the close connection test was first enumerated, finding that it was fair and just to find a close connection between the warden's sexual abuse of boys in his care and his duties as a warden. In other words, in this case, it found that the sexual abuse was inextricably woven in the duties of the warden, in that if the warden did not have

Hypertension Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hypertension - Assignment Example The DASH eating plan tends to also regulate the amount of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrate, magnesium, fiber and other essential nutrients in food. It has helped me realize the numerous benefits of less sodium consumption and higher potassium intake. The advantages are varied that range from fast reduction of blood pressure, it helps in reducing cholesterol in a phased manner, the reduction of insulin resistance, the prevention of heart diseases and strokes, the prevention of any types of chronic liver aliments, it delays and even fights against osteoporosis, it reduces the risk of certain types of cancers, it mitigates obesity and also leads to an overall feeling of wellness (Coben 95). There is also an increased effort on maintaining an overall healthy lifestyle that involves eating food in the right proportions. This assignment about hypertension has inculcated the values of healthy living in me, other than the food intake aspect of this plan. It espouses eating food in right portions and in moderation. The food should be comprised of higher levels of grains, fiber, potassium, green vegetables, low quantities of red meat and alcohol (Karppanen and Mervaala 126). Healthy lifestyle and exercising is also a part of this plan. This hypertension plan emphasizes the need for exercising five to six times a week. It also allots a lot of importance on keeping a brisk lifestyle. Overall, this assignment has helped me to learn about the importance of lower sodium intake, higher potassium intake, the importance of DASH diet, weight loss and a healthy

The Grammar Translation Method Essay Example for Free

The Grammar Translation Method Essay History The Grammar Translation Method is an old method which was originally used to teach dead languages which explains why it focuses mainly on the written form at the expense of the oral form. It was designed according to the faculty psychology approach which was very popular during the 18th and 19th century. It contended that † mental discipline was essential for strengthening the powers of the mind†. The way to do this was through learning classical literature of the Greeks and Romans. Method ï‚ §Use of mother tongue. ï‚ §Vocabulary items are taught in the form of word lists. ï‚ §Elaborate explanations of grammar. ï‚ §Focus on the morphology and syntax. ï‚ §Reading of difficult texts early in the course. ï‚ §Practice focuses on exercises translating sentences or texts from mother tongue to the target language and vice versa. It is surprising to see that the Grammar Translation Method was still in use in some classrooms during the late decades of the 20th century. May be, it’s because it bears some advantages. Advantages ï‚ §Translation is the easiest and shortest way of explaining meaning of words and phrases. ï‚ §Learners have no difficulties to understand the lesson as it is carried out in the mother tongue. ï‚ §It is a labor-saving method as the teacher carries out everything in the mother tongue. Criticism ï‚ §What the method is good at is â€Å"teaching about the language† , not â€Å"teaching the language†. ï‚ §Speaking or any kind of spontaneous creative output was missing from the curriculum. ï‚ §Students lacked an active role in the classroom. ï‚ §Very little attention is paid to communication. ï‚ §Very little attention is paid to content. ï‚ §Translation is sometimes misleading. By MAHA YAHYA AL-YAHYA

Solutions to preventing the spread of global warming and its affects Es

â€Å"The American flag has gone through changes over time; those changes have made an impact on our country and made it what it is today.† Our earth is like the American flag, it is constantly changing, and one issue that affects our earth is global warming. We now live in an industrialized world which is filled with many new technologies that provide goods and services to us, provide us with energy and electricity and transportation. These new technological advances have made our lives much easier to live with. These technologies include things such as: factories, power plants, automobiles, etc†¦ this has made the human population very dependent and accustomed to all of these technological advances. The use of technology requires the energy of fossil fuels to keep it running. By using fossil fuel energy we are releasing harmful green-house gases into our atmosphere, we are slowly bringing forth climate changes and environmental issues to our society. To respond to thes e global warming issues, we must promote awareness and educate people in our society and let them know that humans influence the environment around them. We must also educate people to find better technological advances that will improve global and environmental issues, by doing so we will drastically alter the environment around us in a more positive way. Many years ago, society thought that the threat of global warming would never arise during our life time expectancies as well as our children’s generation. Recently global warming is being recognized and accepted by experts from the scientific community as well as public society. Global warming is caused by the over use of fossil fuel materials. Richard A. Kerr, author and reporter for Science Magazine, believes that ... ...ng Sides: Clashing Views on Global Issues 7thed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012: 130-134. Print. Kerr, Richard A., â€Å"Globalization Warming Is Changing the World.† Science. 316(2007): 188-190. JSTOR.Web. 4 Feb 2014 Solomon Barry D. et al., â€Å"Global Warming.†Science.247(1990): 620. JSTOR.Web. 4 Feb 2014 Monastersky R., â€Å"EPA Offers Options to Slow Global Warming.† Science News. 135(1989): 183. JSTOR.Web. 4 Feb 2014 â€Å"The Rising Cost of Natural Hazards : Feature Articles. â€Å" The Rising Cost of Natural Hazards : Feature Articles. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014 Than , Ker. â€Å"Scientist: Natural Disaster Becoming More Common.† LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 17 Oct. 2005. Web. 20 Apr. 2014 Malakoff, David. â€Å"Global Warming Is Not a Crisis† NPR. NPR, 22 Mar. 2007. Web. 22 Apr. 2014 Shah, Anup. â€Å"Climate Change and Global Warming.† – Global Issues. N.p., 19 Jan. 2014. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.

Gender Roles and the Perception of Women Essay

There was a time that having a daughter born to a family evoked more pity than congratulations from the community. Sons were valued more for they were viewed to bring practical help towards augmenting the family income through physical labor, as well as ensuring that the family name lives on with his progeny. (â€Å"Feminism†) Daughters were valued only for the potential honor they could bring the family with a good marriage. In olden days, a good marriage was not necessarily defined by the couple’s happiness but rather was deemed as such if both families stand to benefit from the union. Usually benefits would be measured in wealth, alliance or business. Marriages then were basically â€Å"mergers. † Women were not expected to accomplish anything other than the mastery of domestic duties and union with a suitable husband. After marriage, the only duties that a woman is supposed to fulfill are to look after the needs of her husband and give birth to as many children as possible with preference to the birthing of sons. The 1920’s and 30’s saw a wave of feminism that sought to overturn the traditional gender role assigned to women. They viewed patriarchy as oppressive to women and advanced the thinking that women are complements of males and therefore should be treated as equals. The 1920’s also saw a major victory for women in the United States with the passage of a law that allowed for women’s suffrage. (â€Å"Feminism†) The Second World War in the 1940’s also provided women with the opportunity to prove their worth outside their duties as homemakers. They started signing up as army nurses, members of women’s corps and workers in factories that provided supplies and ammunition to the â€Å"boys overseas. † Even with this however, women still experienced discrimination at the hands of employers who believed that it was the men’s role to earn money for their families. Those that were hired still had to face inequality in wages as their work were deemed easier compared to the men’s. (Acker 46) It has continually been an uphill climb for women in the assertion of their rights and the fight for identity and equality. Despite the many progresses made by women since the olden days, some cultures still place more premium on males. Sandra Cisneros’ account (Kirszner, 96-99) of being and born and living in a traditional, patriarchal society in the 1950’s show that even with the many new freedoms and rights accorded to women, their roles were still defined by marriage and domestic duties. â€Å"What I didn’t realize was that my father thought college was good for girls –good for finding a husband. After four years of college and two more in graduate school, and still no husband, my father shakes his head even now and says I wasted all that education. † (Kirszner 97) The selection further goes on to relate the attempts made by Cisneros in getting her father to acknowledge her achievements and herself as more than â€Å"only a daughter. † She wanted to BE his daughter in every sense of the word and enjoy the same pride her father has in her brothers’ achievements. I often witness the â€Å"hunch posture,† from women after dark on the warrenlike streets of Brooklyn where I live. They seem to set their faces on neutral and, with their purse straps strung across their chests bandolier style, they forge ahead as though bracing themselves against being tackled. (Kirszner 242) In Brent Staples’ observations in the â€Å"Black Man effect† in altering a public space (Kirszner 240), he presents the image of a woman who is determined to move forward yet remains aware of the possible challenges to her progress. While in the story the context women is defined in is couched in terms of potential threat from street violence and crimes, one could almost picture the same description as applicable to the grim and set determination of the feminists who steadfastly battles for women’s rights and progress. It has been many years since women achieved a major victory in suffrage and set about to establishing their identity in society. Yet in some cases, there seem to be some women who remain oblivious or at least, not benefited by the new stature and rights women have been able to claim through years of struggle with a male-dominated society. In Anna Deavere Smith’s â€Å"Four American Characters† monologue (2005) she shares a conversation she had with an elderly philosopher friend she had, Maxine Green. In the conversation, Smith asked Green:† What are two things that you don’t know and still want to know? † Green replies: â€Å"Personally I still feel that I have to curtsy when I see the president of our University and I feel that I ought to get coffee for my male colleagues even though I’ve outlived most of them. † Smith follows this up with the characterization of Maryland convict Paulette Jenkins. Paulette Jenkins represents the women in abusive relationship who suffer in silence. She never spoke out because she didn’t want people to know that there was something wrong with her family. She took her husband’s abuse and allowed him to do the same to her children†¦children that she had in the belief that it would soften her husband. What would make a man do such a thing? At the same time, what would make a woman stand by helplessly as her husband beats up her children and herself? Conflict in relationships between men and women are believed to stem from four main reasons: men’s jealousy, men’s expectation of women and domestic work, men’s sense of â€Å"right† to â€Å"punish† their women, and the importance to men of asserting and keeping their authority. Women on the other hand, are kept silent due to feelings of shame and responsibility (Dobash, and Dobash 4). More often than not, the women feel that they deserved whatever the husband did to them. This acquiescence may be due to their cultural orientation of women as subservient wives. Upbringing and cultural orientation can do much to influence a person’s understanding and acceptance of gender roles. (Dobash, and Dobash 4) However, there is always the freedom of choice and personal introspection, which should allow individuals to reason out right and wrong and the applicability and rationale of traditions for themselves. The case of Sandra Cisneros is the perfect illustration of this. Despite being brought up in a highly patriarchal household and culture, she chose to follow her own desire and achieve in her own right. In the end, she managed to earn her father’s respect and acknowledgment that she, as a woman, can accomplish and gain honor and pride for the family. Regardless of background, doctrine or culture, everyone, man and woman, has that same choice in choosing how their manhood or womanhood will be defined in their lives. Works Cited Acker, Joan. â€Å"What Happened to the Women’s Movement? -An Exchange. † Monthly Review Oct. 2001: 46. Questia. 28 Sept. 2007 . â€Å"Feminism. † The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2004. Questia. 28 Sept. 2007 . Dobash, R. Emerson, and Russell P. Dobash. Women, Violence, and Social Change. New York: Routledge, 1992. Questia. 28 Sept. 2007 . Kirszner, Laurie. Patterns for College Writing 10th ed. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s. 2006. Mcneill, William H. â€Å"Violence & Submission in the Human Past. † Daedalus 136. 1 (2007): 5+. Questia. 28 Sept. 2007 . Smith, Anna Deveare. Four American Characters. 2005 TED. com. 27 Sept 2007 < http://www. ted. com/index. php/talks/view/id/60>