Government Affects Life Every Day - 1222 Words

Government affects life every day. Citizens of the United States are born into a inherited freedom. Some of these freedoms include but are not limited to the freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom assembly. As a nation history is littered with conflicts and wars that were fought to protect those freedoms. These days those hard-fought battles are taken for granted as it is easy to assume that they are entitlements. These freedoms that are enjoyed were not won easily nor did they occur overnight. In fact, in the 17th century people were hungry for some sort of consistency this left the door open for philosophers and their philosophies to make an impact. Philosophers such as John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau made strong cases for their individual points of view however, of these three the closest to the most scripturally correct theory of government is John Locke. When developing a view of government Locke answered some very important questions. One of which was what is political power? Political Power, then, I take to be a right of making laws, with penalties of death and, consequently, all less penalties for the regulating and preserving of property, and of employing the force of the community in the execution of such laws and in the defense of the commonwealth from foreign injury, and all this only for the public good.† The absolute most critical impact that molded the establishing of the Assembled States originates from John Locke, aShow MoreRelatedNutrition : An Important Element Of A Healthy Population1341 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic development in an economy. Food policies are directly related to the level of economic performance. Substantial literature indicates that nutrition directly affects the level of population health in the economy. A healthy population is more economically productive compared to a starving population. Nutritional value directs affect significantly the level of economic development in a nation. This study will mainly focus on the role food in economic performance. The study will greatly focus onRead MoreGovernment s Effect On The Government Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe government affects Americans in several ways that many fail to realize. One could not walk down the street without seeing the government’s effect on our everyday lives. The questions we m ay have though are what are the levels of government? What is federalism? How does the government affect individuals every day? Do we need government? Do Americans appreciate the importance of our government? These are all questions that will be answered for we as individuals must understand how this governmentRead MoreAir Pollution Affects Our Environment963 Words   |  4 Pagesronment? Air pollution affects our environment because it causes health problems, negatively affects the economy, and causes drastic weather changes. Air pollution is one of the world s biggest killers. 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Media And Its Impact On Society Essay - 1903 Words

Media has been growing for a numerous amount of years, and it will only keep rising. You could say that nearly everyone around you has some sort of technological device or way in which they can access the media, these are what we call print, audio visual and on-line media. Print media includes things such as newspapers, magazines and even books, Audio visual media includes your TV, radio or even music and finally on-line media is mostly photos or videos that are spread over the internet. With the media we are able to see what is going on around the world through a computer or TV screen without actually being there, thus we can all share knowledge within our cultures. Each of these pieces of media will have some sort of impact on an individual’s life whether that be watching the news or listening to a certain type of music but the ways that this can influence someone can differ through their cultural identity. Sender, Message and Receiver (S-M-R) is a model for communication that starts with a producer, the message that they publish into society and the views that people get from that message. Sender is the starting point of this model, whereby you look at who owns certain aspects of the media and what their interests are. Global Media ownership are bigger corporations such as Disney and Time Warner, these big companies own most of the TV channels and films that we watch for example, Disney owns ABC and Marvel Studios so you can see that they might want to bring oneShow MoreRelatedThe Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"Whoever controls the media, controls the mind†. The Media have become one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most Americans use the media as their main source of information. The side effect of that is the fact that the media are very polarized. With the ongoing polarization, we could hypothesize that people would have been more politically educated and oriented if the media was not infiltrated. Mass media are expected to be educational.Read MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1678 Words   |  7 Pages When you are young you don t realize that what you are watching on the television is shaping many of your beliefs, distorting what is fictional and what is reality. The media plays a huge role in stereotyping black people compared to white people which has a major impact in how we view the people in our world. When we are watching tv or listening to the radio and it is constantly relating the color of a person s skin to their actions. This causes the audience to associate these actions with aRead MoreThe Impact of Media on Society853 Words   |  3 PagesHow much of an impact does the media have on your life? How many hours do you spend on the phone, watching television, or browsing the internet? Whether you choose to believe it or not, the media plays an enormous role in our everyday lives, and its impacts continues to stretch as technological advancements and other inn ovative creations come into place. One of the largest groups that the media affects, we fear is our children. As media continuously grows and undergoes changes, more and more childrenRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"Whoever controls the media, controls the mind†. The Media have becoming one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most americans use the media as their main source of information. The side effect on that is the fact that the media is very polarized. With the ongoing polarization, we could hypothesize that people would have been more politically educated and oriented if the media was not infiltrated. Mass media is expected to be educational. PublicRead MoreMedia And Its Impact On Society Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesMedia can be defined as â€Å"the means of communication as radio and television, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet, that reach or influence people widely† and is fully ingrained into our society. In fact, according to Nielsen’s Total Audience Report, during the 1st Quarter of 2016, American adults consumed media at a daily average of 10 hours and 39 minutes. Media not only entertains us and serves as an important agent of communication, but also plays a crucial role in the socialization of culturalRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Society1435 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Mass media is a significant force in modern culture. Sociologists refer to this as a mediated culture where media reflects and creates the culture† (â€Å"The Role and Influence of Mass Media†, n.d, para.2). Media has affected to the most area of human life include relationship, education, careers, and entertainment. There were a lot of researches about the impacts of media to society from negative to positive effects; however, researchers were not pay attention to the impacts of media in inequalityRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe media plays a significant role in developing awareness on various different subjects. Without the media, people would be much less informed on many social and economic issues. The media can be credited for improvements in these sectors today as it engages the public to have an opinion of our on-going evolvements by releasing daily reports on such topics. In terms of charitable aid the media has greatly developed our awareness with a nature that influences us to feel sympathy for those less fortunateRead MoreMedia And Its Impact On Society1696 Words   |  7 Pages Media has an impact on many of the population’s everyday life. It comes to no surprise that the media i s closely related with body imaging. There are thousands of advertisements out in the media that depict images of beauty and physical attractiveness which are unrealistic. The masses see these images and think that they are achievable thus lowering the self-esteem of many. Many of these commercials and advertisements fall under the category of the following: weight loss, clothing, cosmetics andRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Society1853 Words   |  8 Pages In twenty first century, media is unavoidable in society. Every human being is exposed to countless media images, advertisements, magazines, TV shows in their everyday lives. Media is everywhere, it’s hard to avoid and there’s no escaping from it. Almost every home in America has a cell phone, internet connection, or a television. If not, billboard signs, magazines, and store advertisements are everywhere in society. Media is designed to advertise, entertain, giving informationRead MoreThe Impact Of The Media On Society1787 Words   |  8 PagesThe media is a major part of modern society today and holds immense powers over multiple organisations, it has the ability to influence opinions of society through its many channels which include â€Å"†¦ every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax and internet† (Business Dictionary, 2017). One of the greatest aspec ts of society that the media has power over are sporting organisations and the athletes that are associated

Coronary Artery Disease and Plant Based Diet Essay Sample free essay sample

In Adults With Advanced Coronary Artery Disease Can a Plant-Based. Ayurvedic Diet Stop the Progression of the Disease and/or Reverse its Effectss Better Than Treatment with Medications and Medical Interventions? Jennifer Dodge Bryan College of Health Sciences Coronary arteria disease ( CAD ) is a narrowing of the little blood vass that supply blood and O to the bosom. The narrowing is caused by a buildup of plaque in the arterias which is besides called the hardening of the arterias. As the disease progresses. blood flow to the bosom can decelerate down or halt. Persons with this grade of disease typically have suffered from one or more bosom onslaughts and may hold marks and symptoms of ischaemia such as thorax hurting and pneumonic hydrops. It is the taking cause of decease in the United States for work forces and adult females. Treatment for CAD consists of taking one or more medicines to handle blood force per unit area. diabetes. or high cholesterin such as nitrates. Ca channel adversaries. ACE-inhibitors. and lipid-lowering medicines. The end of these drugs is to cut down blood force per unit area to less than or equal to 140/90 and LDL cholesterol degree less than or equal to 100 mg/dL. Some people can keep a healthy life by altering their diet. halting smoke and taking medicine. Other people will necessitate medical processs such as angioplasty or surgery. Vegetarians have been shown to hold a 24 % reduced hazard of deceasing from bosom disease ( Esselstyne. 2008 ) . This literature reappraisal is being conducted to find if an Ayurvedic diet can halt the patterned advance of the disease and besides change by reversal its effects alternatively of handling them with medicines and medical intercessions in grownups with advanced coronary arteria disease. Literature Review In a survey by Ornish. D. . Scherwitz. L. . Billings. J. . Gould. L. ( 1998 ) . the research workers discovered that the patterned advance of coronary arteria disease could be stopped or reversed without utilizing lipid-lowering drugs. The patterned advance was stopped by prolonging intensive lifestyle alterations dwelling of a vegetarian diet and exercising. After one twelvemonth. the participants who were able to keep the life style alterations showed a 37. 2 % decrease in LDL cholesterin degrees and had a 91 % decrease in the frequence of anginose episodes. There was besides an mean per centum diameter stricture arrested development from 40 % to 37. 8 % . In contrast. the patients with the usual attention control such as with lipid-lowering medicines and other medicines made merely a 6 % decrease in LDL degrees and had 16. 5 % addition in the frequence of anginose episodes. Their per centum diameter stricture really progressed from 42. 7 % to 46. 1 % . The trouble is in keeping such lifestyle alterations. The experimental group attachment was first-class the first twelvemonth and good after 5 old ages. Another benefit to the works based diet with exercising was that the experimental group lost on mean 23. 9 lbs the first twelvemonth. Weight is a hazard factor in developing coronary arteria disease. Bing fleshy can increase blood force per unit area. addition hazard for diabetes. and perchance increase LDL degrees. These findings support the feasibleness of fillet and besides change by reversaling the patterned advance of coronary arteria disease in grownups by keeping a plant-based. Ayurvedic diet. Another survey by He. F. et Al ( 2007 ) besides set out to find the relation of fruit and vegetable consumption and the incidence of coronary arteria disease. The survey showed that an increased ingestion of fruit and veggies is related to about 17 % decrease of the hazard of developing coronary arteria disease. Persons had to devour more than 5 helpings per twenty-four hours. This was besides combined with other lifestyle alterations such as exercising and smoke surcease. There were jobs with the survey in that they could non accurately mensurate the dietetic appraisal and persons who eat more fruits and veggies tend to intake less salt and saturated fat and besides exercising more and don’t fume. It is speculated that there will be a stronger association in the decrease of coronary arteria disease with those veggies that contain more protective foods like K. Other similar surveies by Yancey. W. et Al ( 2003 ) . Kromhout. D. et Al ( 2002 ) . Esselstyn. C. ( 2008 ) and Hu. F. . et Al ( 2001 ) besides support that life style and diet straight affect our wellness and quality of life. Surprisingly small information is available to turn to whether diet can change by reversal and forestall the patterned advance of coronary bosom disease. The surveies are normally few because controlled tests on diet and disease in persons is expensive and hard to obtain between experimental and control groups. Presently there exists little surveies mensurating intermediary terminal points and supply small direct grounds about which diets can protract life or prevent coronary bosom disease. One survey randomized 412 work forces into either a cholesterin take downing diet or a control diet. Work force in the low cholesterin group showed a 17. 6 % decrease in entire cholesterin over 5 old ages and after 11 old ages had significantly fewer bosom related deceases. Dr. Esselstyn has gone farther into analyzing the effects of a works based diet. He began his survey in 1985. His program called for a diet of no meats and no added fats with an accent on whole grain nutrients. veggies. fruits and beans. He combined the survey with exercising. emphasis direction and group support. With this program he was able to change by reversal terrible coronary arteria disease without the usage of lipid-lowering medicines or other drugs. He is presently a adviser for a Cleveland Clinic to direct the Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Reversal Program. One job he has encountered is that most infirmaries make a batch of money on bosom surgeries and processs. It costs well less per twelvemonth to set about a low-fat. plant-based diet as a exclusive intervention for cardiovascular disease. Animal protein is the underlying cause of bosom disease and shot because it puts concentrated fat and cholesterin into the digestive system taking to coronary artery disease an d high blood force per unit area. Research Design The intent for this survey is to find whether a plant-based. Ayurvedic diet will halt the patterned advance of the disease and/or change by reversal its effects better than intervention with medicines and medical intercessions in grownups with advanced coronary arteria disease. The independent variable is a plant-based. oil free diet. The dependent variable in the proposed survey is the grade of coronary arteria disease which will be measured from bosom catheterisation. Demographic variables of gender. age. and race will besides be analyzed. Extraneous variables in this survey are blood force per unit area. weight. cholesterin degree. and bosom rate. The research survey will follow an experimental design by using randomised clinical test. There will be a control group and an experimental group made up of single voluntaries who have been diagnosed with advanced coronary arteria disease with about 25 participants in each group. The intervention intercession for the experimental group will be a life-style alteration consisting of a plant-based. oil free diet. The experimental group will have the criterion attention for coronary arteria disease by their heart specialists. The grade of coronary arteria disease will be measured in each person at one twelvemonth and so at 5 old ages by cardiac catheterisation. A restrictions involved with this type of survey is the ability to command the participant’s life style. We will non be able to supervise each patient on a day-to-day footing to find whether they are eating decently. The survey besides requires a long period of clip in order to find a alteration in the grade of coronary arteria disease which requires a batch of subject for the participants. Besides. a batch can alter in 5 old ages sing a patient’s demand for a process or medicine or other lifestyle alterations. Sample The participants for this survey will be work forces and adult females between the ages of 45-65 old ages diagnosed by heart specialists with advanced coronary arteria disease confirmed with cardiac catheterisation. Participants in the experimental group must be willing to do an intensive life style alteration and all participants are presently non vegetarians. Permission will be obtained from their heart specialist for topics to take part in the survey. 50 participants will be chosen for this survey to hold 25 in each group. Data Collection All survey participants will undergo an initial cardiac catheterisation to find the grade of coronary arteria disease which is measured in per centums. Participants in the experimental group will be educated about the diet they are to keep by a dietician and they will be given educational booklets to assist steer them about what they can or can’t eat. All participants will hold scheduled assignments with heart specialists at 6 months and so every twelvemonth or as prescribed by their physician. The participants will hold a scheduled cardiac catheterisation at one twelvemonth and so at 5 old ages. Their blood force per unit area. cholesterin. bosom rate. and weight will besides be obtained at each doctor’s visit. Data Analysis The informations collected from the cardiac catheterisations will be analyzed by a Dependent t-Test. The Dependent t-Test is besides called the paired-samples t-test. It compares two related groups to observe whether there are any statistically important differences between the groups. In this survey we will be comparing the grade of coronary arteria disease. The information collected for the blood force per unit area. cholesterin. bosom rate. and weight will be assessed by usage of analysis of discrepancy ANOVA to compare the two groups to find whether differences between them are important. The statistical significance for this survey will be less than 5 % . Ethical Considerations The survey will be conducted if it is approved by the ethical reappraisal board. Patients will be informed to understand the hazard of take parting in a survey that requires them to do intensive lifestyle alterations. Blessing from heart specialist will be indispensable to guarantee the wellbeing of the patients. Patients will non be required to pay for the bosom catheterisations because they may be required to hold some performed that would non be necessary if non for this survey. The participants of the survey will be to the full informed about the hazard factors and written and verbal consent will be obtained. Participants will besides be informed that there is a grade of uncomfortableness and hazard involved in a bosom catheterisation process. Privacy and confidentiality will be protected for the participants involved in the survey. Decision There is documented cogent evidence that hapless diet lead to the build- up of plaques in the arterias ensuing in complaints such as high blood force per unit area. high blood pressure. and bosom disease. The chief perpetrators are high protein diets which are rich in concentrated carnal fats. There is a huge pick of prescription drugs available to medicate patients. but many of these can bring forth unpleasant and sometimes unsafe side effects. Beta blockers are frequently used to widen arterias. decelerate the bosom rate. and lower blood force per unit area but they can do sleep perturbation. powerlessness. giddiness. wheezing. digestive piece of land jobs. and even skin roseolas. Nitrates can cut down bosom onslaughts. but can besides do giddiness. sickness and emesis. The pharmaceutical industry has made a batch of money on drugs that can be used to handle coronary arteria disease. but many people are incognizant of the side effects. More research is needed to find if diet alone can assist change by reversal and forestall coronary bosom disease. Therefore. the purpose of this survey is to look into whether a plant-based. Ayurvedic diet can halt the patterned advance of the disease and/or change by reversal its effects better than intervention with medicines and medical intercessions. Mentions Esselstyn. C. ( 2008 ) . Prevent and change by reversal bosom disease. New York. New york: Penguin Group. Ornish. D. . Scherwitz. L. . Billings. J. . Gould. L. ( 1998 ) . Intensive lifestyle alterations for reversal of coronary bosom disease. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 280 ( 23 ) . He. F. . Nowson. C. . Lucas. M ( 2007 ) . Increased ingestion of fruit and veggies is related to a reduced hazard of coronary bosom disease: Meta-analysis of cohort surveies. Journal of Human Hypertension. 717-728 Kromhout. D. . Menotti. A. . Kesteloot. H. . Sans. S. ( 2002 ) . Prevention of coronary bosom disease by diet and lifestyle. The Journal of the American Heart Association. 893-898 Hu. F. . Manson. J. . Willett. W. ( 2001 ) Types of dietetic fat and hazard of coronary bosom disease: A critical reappraisal. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 20 ( 15-19 ) Yancy. W. . Westman. E. . French. P. . Califf. R. ( 2003 ) . Diets and clinical coronary events. The Journal of the American Heart Association. 107 ( 10-16 ) Irving. David ( 2011 ) . A simple remedy for bosom disease. The Protein Myth. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. disinfo. com/2011/09/a-simple-cure-for-heart-disease/

Is the Life-Span Approach Essential to Human Development free essay sample

Human development has been a subject of interest among modern researchers. The most prominent theory in human development is the life-span approach which is made up of various concepts. This essay aims to show the importance of the life-span approach by analysing some of the concepts that make up this approach, such as multi-directionality historical location and contexualism among others. This essay will critically analyse some of the assumptions of the life-span approach. It will also examine arguments against the lifespan approach as well as other theories of human development such as Freud’s psychoanalytic theory with the aim of showing that this approach is essential for understanding human development. One of the major assumptions of the life-span approach as suggested by Baites, (1987) is that development is a ‘life-long process’ by this he meant that developmental changes occur throughout a person’s life, from the point of conception till death (Sugarman, 1986). We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Life-Span Approach Essential to Human Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Baltes, (1987) went on to state that development as a life-long process assumes that, no point in a person’s developmental life is more important than the other, every period of a person’s life is equally important weather it is childhood or aging, they are all important periods of development though this assumption is in direct contradiction to other theorists of human development such as Freud who believed that development ends at childhood and that adulthood is an extended version of childhood and that aging is more of â€Å"loss in adaptive capacity† hence does not qualify to be put in the paradigms of development . This has constituted the gain and loss argument (Baltes, 1987). Research on intelligence has shown that other forms of intelligence which involving reviewing of one’s life and wisdom emerge in old age and these forms of intelligence are not ‘genetically wired from birth† as suggested by Freud and (Baltes, 1987). This goes to show that development is not restricted to certain periods of a person’s life but happens up until death; hence the life-span approach is essential in understanding human development. With the desire to proove the importance of the life-span approach in human development This essay will look at another assumption put forward by life-span theorists which state that development is malti-directional, (Baltes, 1987). This means that human development has different forms and differs in the routes that it takes thoughout the developmental process for example the presents of degenerative and growth abilities in a person (Stenberg, Bornstein, Yandell, Rook, 011). It has also been noted by Li Freund, (2005) that development as viewed by the life-span theory is not a one way procces of accumulation but that some developmental aspect increase while others decline (Li Freund, 2005). Research by (cattel and horn, 1982 ) shows that a person consits of two types of intelligance mamely fluid and crystalized intelligance. According to this research fluid intelligance showed a declining function as compared to cristalized which showed accumulation tendancies (Baltes, 1987) This evidence shows that development is not a one way procces but takes different directions and that includes both childhood development and aiging, reafirming the point made above that aiging also qualifies to be considered as being part of development. Also in southafrica it has been noted that due to the inaccesibility of adiquate health care by children during the apartheid some children were born with birth defects while others suffered from malnutrition and became disabled showing the different varyng trajectories that human development can take (Youth hearings, 1997). Therefore the presence of malti-directionality as a life-span concept helps us to understand the various dimentions and directions taken by development throghout a person’s life hence it earns its importance in understanding human development. The life-span approach again plays a very important role in understanding human development when looking at the assumption that ‘development is historically embeded’ (Elder, 1998). This concept cannot be separated from the concept of contexualism hence Elder, (1998)’s work is to be viewed in light of the two concepts. According to Baites, (1987) the idea behind this assumption is that the historical location of a person together with the socio, economic and caltural experiences the individual encounter during that time has an impact on how he developes. He went on to say that this assumption brings in history as an important factor that facilitates one’s nature of deverlopment To support this assumption it was discovered that children who faced economic hardships during the time of the great depression looked far much older than their normal age but tended to recover when the conditions got better showing again that development is a continous procces (Elder, 1998). To further support this line of thinking it must be clarified that Elder, (1998) is stressing the fact that there is continous interplay between factors such as history, timing of life transitions such as early pregnancy, shared elationships and a person’s unique ability to execise agency which has been defined by Baites, (1987) as plasticity These factors greatly influence the developmental trajectories of a person (Sugarman, 1986). To support this he turns his attention to the oakland and berkely studies done on children who experiences the second world wa r, the great depression and the korean war. As shown by this research children born during the economic meltdown of the great depression probably laked proper parenting and this affected maturation. He went on to mention that children who lived during the second world war and the korean war had different experienes as compared to the oakland study and their developmental gains and losses were different. In southafrica research shows that black children who lived during the apatheid era ended up in sqatter camps without any aducation, with poor sanitation no recreation facilities and high health risks, this forced some to join ganges. Removal from their land also caused identity confusion which is a very important developmental task according to Erikson. showng that historcal context brings with it a unique experience that individuals are exposed to and this has a great impact on one’s developmet reafirming the claim tht the life-span approach is important in understanding human development. It has also been brought to attention that the research methods used by life-span researchers are to some extent unreliable and may produce inaccurate information. As critics of this approach have noted life-span researchers mainly use introspection, questioning and obsarvation for example Elder, (1998) on his study of children of the great depression admits that they would ask the subjects on how they thought the great depression influenced their lives, Havighurst also used the same technique in his study of developmental tasks and this is problematic since subjects are most likely unware of their developmental tasks and deficits (Sugarman, 1986). He went on to say researcher bias is also a broblem for example theorists like Erikson may have been influenced to research by their background and the results they produce may bear similarities to what they personaly feel, not the actual facts on the ground. Pllasticity is another life-span concept that t can help us understand human development. Though it has been mentioned above we now look at it in more detail. According to (Li Freund, 2005) it is the campacity of the individual to influence his own developmen meaning a person may counciously or uconciously influence heir own developme. Biological research on cortical plasticity across the life-span by (Li Freund, 2005) has shown that the brain of adults can change its stractural and functional organisation due to its developmental history. The research also showed the reorganisation of functions of the cortex in old age such as the use of both hemspheres to compansate for decline and this shows the importance of pasticity in h uman develoment. The last charecteristic of the life-span approach to be discussed is the fact that human development is multi-disciplinary meaning that it encompasses other fields such as bbiology, sociology and anthropology (Baltes, 1987). This assumption is further supported by Huvighurst (1972) who also suggest that developmental tasks arise from ‘physical maturation, caltural presure and individual aspirations (Sugarman, 1986). He gives the example that learning to read may be as a result caltural influence, one’s willingness to read and your mental or cognitive capability hence these three fields may simaltenously influence development. Though this essay aims to assert the importants of the life-span approach to development we cannot turn a blind eye on some of the weaknesses and critisisms brought forward agains this approach therefore we will start with the last concept which stated that human development is is malti-desciplinary. Schoolars like Sugarman, (1986) have argued that much of the work presented to support the assumption remains in doupt since research done in german society may not be applicable on a Southafrican context and therefore this particular concept does not fully expain human development of all people across the world since developmental tasks such as choosing a job are calture specific (Havighurst, 1972). Another critisism of the life-span approach is that it that some of its ideas are incontradiction with its principles for example Sugarman, (1986) notes that life-span developmental theorists offer a road map of development, Erikson’s eight stages and Havighurst’s assumption that failare to overcome a particular stage would result in unhappyness. This is in direct contradiction to the notion that development is malti-directional and does not follow a particular pattern of developmen which bergs the question as to weather this approach is really essential in understanding human development. After closely examining the assumptions of the life-span approach and the arguments presented against it, it is evident that the approach has a lot of inconsistancies and that the research methods used to some extend are inconclusive. After aknowledging these facts it is however iumportant to note that not all of the life-span approach’s research is obtained by quationable means and that it is the only theory of human development which better explains human development in Southafrica. The life-span approach is also to be credited for being the only thery of human development which is malti-disciplinary and it is also not deterministc in that there is always hope to overcome life;s challenges Also its methods are easily applicable therefore in conclusion it remains beyond reasonable doupt that development is a life-long procces and that the life-span approach is vital in understanding human development. ? References Baites, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 611-623. Boyd, D. , Bee, H. (2006). Life span development (4th ed. ). Boston: MA Pearson Education. Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course a developmental theory. Child development. BF431 . M374 1972. Havisghurst, R. (1972). Developmental tasks and education. (3rd ed. ). New York : D. McKay Co. BF701 . H37 1972. evelopmental theory. Child development, 69, 1-12. Leo, B. , Kloep, H. , Kloep, M. (2002). Lifespan Development Resources, Challenges and Risks. Oxford: Thomson Learning. Li, S. C. Freund, A. M. (2005). Advances in lifespan psychology;A Forcus on biocaltural and personal influences. Research in human development, 1-23. Salkind, N. J. (2004). Intoduction to Theories of Human Development. Califonia: Sage Publications. Stenberg, L. , Bornstein, M. H. , Yandell, D. L. , Rook, K. S. (2011). Life-Span development;Infancy through chidhood. Belmont: WAadsworth Cengage Learning. Sugarman, L. (1986). New essential psychology:Life-Span development, concepts th eories and interventions. New York: Methen Inc.