Dying With Grace, Living in Peace: Hospice Care in America Essay

The start of life is praised. Books and assets are shared among loved ones in anticipation of turning into another parent. Anyway, what occurs as we approach the finish of life? Lamentably, a similar consideration and sharing once in a while happens in those conditions and many face the way toward biting the dust ill-equipped. Truth be told, however a great many people state they would want to bite the dust at home, this is regularly not where demise happens. Numerous Americans spend their last days connected to clinical contraption that keeps the body alive, yet it doesn't take into consideration correspondence with family and frequently requires overwhelming sedation. Furthermore, this degree of treatment comes at a significant expense. As a general public, we should get as agreeable in tending to the furthest limit of life process as we are with the start of life. One way this should be possible all the more viably is through expanded information and utilization of hospice care. H ospice care is a feasible alternative that gives generous medicinal services cost reserve funds, physical solace to the patient, and enthusiastic and otherworldly help to the guardians, anyway as hospice frameworks become increasingly popularized, care must be taken to maintain a strategic distance from the entanglements that are characteristic in bigger associations. Hospice care is a moderately youthful choice in the United States. Truth be told, the primary hospice association was established in 1971 in the US in the wake of picking up acknowledgment in England during the 1950s (Jensen, 2012). Hospice care is furnished to the individuals who are determined to have a terminal condition that is relied upon to come full circle in death inside a half year. Not at all like ordinary human services which centers around therapeudic techniques, hospice administrations center around the solace of the patient so as to facilitate the way toward passing on. These administrations give advantages to the patient and the caregive... ...NHPCO raw numbers: Hopice care in America. Alexandria, VA. Perry, J. E., and Stone, R. C. (2011). In the matter of passing on: Questioning the commercialization of hospice. Diary of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 39(2), 224-234. doi:1111/j.1748-720X.2011.0059.x Robinson, L., and Segal, J. (2012). Personal satisfaction toward the finish of life: A manual for hospice and palliative consideration at home or in a hospice office. Recovered from Helpguide.org: www.helpguide.org/senior/hospice_care.htm Seeger, P. (2012). Turn, turn, turn verses. Recovered from metrolyrics.com: http://www.metrolyrics.com/turn go to-everything-there-is-a-season-verses the-byrds.html Taylor, D., Ostermann, J., Houtven, C. V., Tulsky, J., and Steinhauser, K. (2007). What length of hospice use amplifies decrease in clinical uses close to death in the US Medicare program? Sociology and Medicine, 1466-1478.

College Degree Nearly Doubles Annual Earnings

Higher education Nearly Doubles Annual Earnings Just on the off chance that you despite everything had a few questions with respect to the intensity of a higher education, the U.S. Evaluation Bureau has discharged information demonstrating the significant estimation of an advanced degree in the United States. Laborers 18 and over wearing unhitched males degrees acquire a normal of $51,206 per year, while those with a secondary school confirmation win $27,915. Be that as it may, pause, theres more. Laborers with a propelled degree make a normal of $74,602, and those without a secondary school recognition normal $18,734. As indicated by another registration report titled Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, 85 percent of those age 25 or more seasoned announced they had finished at any rate secondary school and 28 percent had accomplished at any rate a bachelorâ's qualification Ââ€"both record highs. Different features for the populace 25 years and over in 2004: Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming and Nebraska had the most noteworthy extents of individuals with in any event a secondary school confirmation, all around 91 percent.The District of Columbiaâ's populace had the most elevated extent with a bachelorâ's qualification or higher at 45.7 percent, trailed by Massachusetts (36.7 percent), Colorado (35.5 percent), New Hampshire (35.4 percent) and Maryland (35.2 percent).At the provincial level, the Midwest had the most noteworthy extent of secondary school graduates (88.3 percent), trailed by the Northeast (86.5 percent), the West (84.3 percent) and the South (83.0 percent).The Northeast had the most noteworthy extent of school graduates (30.9 percent), trailed by the West (30.2 percent), the Midwest (26.0 percent) and the South (25.5 percent).High school graduation rates for ladies kept on surpassing those of men, 85.4 percent and 84.8 percent, separately. Then again, men kept on having a higher extent of their populace with a bachelorâ's cert ificate or higher (29.4 percent contrasted and 26.1 percent). Non-Hispanic whites had the most noteworthy extent with a secondary school confirmation or higher (90.0 percent), trailed by Asians (86.8 percent), African-Americans (80.6 percent) and Hispanics (58.4 percent).Asians had the most elevated extent with a bachelorâ's qualification or higher (49.4 percent), trailed by Non-Hispanic whites (30.6 percent), African-Americans (17.6 percent) and Hispanics (12.1 percent).The extent of the remote conceived populace with a secondary school recognition (67.2 percent) was lower than that of the local populace (88.3 percent). Be that as it may, the rates with a bachelorâ's certificate or more were not factually unique (27.3 percent and 27.8 percent, respectively).The information on instructive patterns and accomplishment levels are appeared by qualities, for example, age, sex, race, Hispanic starting point, conjugal status, occupation, industry, nativity and, if remote conceived, when they entered the nation. The tables likewise depict the connect ion among income and instructive fulfillment. In spite of the fact that the measurements are basically at the national level, a few information are appeared for areas and states.Source: U.S. Evaluation Bureau Training Also Effects Unemployment Similarly as pay expands, joblessness diminishes with higher instructive accomplishment. As per the U.S. Department of Labor Statistics, the across the country joblessness rate dependent on instructive accomplishment in 2017 dropped from 6.3 percent among the individuals who didn't finish secondary school, to 4.6 percent among secondary school graduates, to 2.5 percent among people with a bachelor’s qualification, to just 1.5 percent among people with doctoral or proficient degrees. Likewise, more significant levels of instruction will in general lessen the time required for people who end up between occupations to discover new work at equivalent or better wages.

Simple Experiments in Scientific Research

Simple Experiments in Scientific Research Basics Print Simple Experiments in Scientific Research By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 13, 2019 Sam Edwards / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming A simple experiment is one researchers often use to determine if changes in one variable might lead to changes in another variableâ€"in other words, to establish cause-and-effect.  In a simple experiment looking at the effectiveness of a new medication, for instance, study participants may be  randomly assigned to one of two groups: one of these would be the control group and receive no  treatment, while the other group would be the experimental group that receives the treatment being studied. The Elements of a Simple Experiment A simple experiment is composed of several key elements: The Experimental Hypothesis: This is a  statement that predicts that the treatment will cause an effect and so will always be phrased as a cause-and-effect statement. For example, researchers might phrase a hypothesis in this way: Administration of Medicine A will result in a reduction of symptoms of Disease B.The Null Hypothesis: This is a hypothesis that the experimental treatment will have no effect on the participants or dependent variables. Its important to note that failing to find an effect of the treatment does not mean that there is no effect. The treatment might impact another variable that the researchers are not measuring in the current experiment.The Independent Variable:  The treatment variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.The Dependent Variable: This refers to the response the researchers are measuring.The Control Group:  These are the  individuals who are randomly assigned to a group but do not receive the treatment. The measurements taken from the control group will be compared to those in the experimental group to determine if the treatment had an effect.The  Experimental Group:  This group of study participants is made up of the randomly-selected subjects who will receive the treatment being tested.   Determining the Results of a Simple Experiment Once the data from the simple experiment has been gathered, researchers then compare the results of the experimental group to those of the control group to determine if the treatment had an effect. Due to the always-present possibility of errors, its not possible to be 100 percent sure of the relationship between two variables. There might be unknown variables at play that influence the outcome of the experiment, for example. Despite this challenge, there are ways to determine if there most likely is a meaningful relationship. To do this, scientists use inferential statisticsâ€"a branch of science that deals with drawing inferences about a population based on measures taken from a representative sample of that population. The key to determining if a treatment had an effect is to measure the statistical significance. Statistical significance shows that the relationship between the variables is probably not due to mere chance and that a real relationship most likely exists between the two variables. Statistical significance is often represented like this:p 0.05A p-value of less than .05 indicates that the  results likely are due to chance and that the probability of obtaining these results would be less than 5 percent. There are a number of different means of measuring statistical significance. The one used will depend on the type of research design that was used for the experiment.

Essay The 8th Amendment - 1201 Words

The 8th Amendment In the United States Constitution, the 8th Amendment prohibits the use and practices of cruel and unusual punishment. What exactly is considered to be cruel and unusual punishment? This question is a hot topic among Americas many different current controversies. Many people are saying that the use of capital punishment (to be sentenced to death as a penalty in the eyes of the law [a capital crime]. An execution [capital punishment]) is a direct violation of the 8th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States (Capital Punishment). They say there should be another way to deal with these criminals other than having them executed. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief history of the death penalty†¦show more content†¦Those who opted to keep the death penalty did so because they thought that it would act as a discouragement for would be criminals and to keep the community safe. In theory it seemed clear-cut, but does it work? America has had more violent cri mes this century than in any other time in its history. The only real point that both sides can agree upon is that the death penalty stops the convicted murder from ever killing again. Some say that this reason is enough to keep the death penalty. There are currently five different ways to carry out the death penalty in the United States. The first is death by firing squad. Death occurs because of massive damage to the bodys vital organs, heart, central nervous system, or by a combination of these different effects with hemorrhage (The Execution Protocol). Probably the quickest way to execute a human being with a gun is to fire a single bullet from a piston at point blank range into the head. Yet in Idaho and Utah, the law specifies a five-man rifle squad. Execution by firing squad has a long history in America. The first recorded execution by firing squad was in 1608, when George Kendall, one of the original councilors in the colony of Virginia was put to death (The Execution Protocol). People opposed to the death penalty say that being shot to death if a form of cruel and unusual punishment. There have been cases where the marksmen have missed the shot and it has taken a man over an hour to dieShow MoreRelated8th Amendment658 Words   |  3 PagesCriminal Justice JUS-250 March 28, 2014 Michael Strauch 8th Amendment: Protection for Domestic and Foreign Terrorist Our forefathers who wrote the Declaration of Independence and served the people from their states came together to form ideas and write a Constitution that would protect the people, property and their rights as citizen of the United States. These two documents are what we were founded on. The simple version of the 8th Amendment, â€Å"Prohibits the federal government from imposing excessiveRead MoreImportance Of The 8th Amendment1109 Words   |  5 Pagespeople to ratify the constitution, the founding fathers agreed to add a Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights added 10 amendments to the constitution. The 8th amendment in the Bill of Rights is the most important amendment because it protects the right to no cruel or unusual punishments for committing a crime, the right to have a reasonable bail fee, and to have no excessive fines. The 8th amendment’s most confusing, and yet most important feature, is the right to no cruel or unusual punishments. The statementRead MoreEssay On The 8th Amendment1791 Words   |  8 PagesThe Most Significant Amendment in the Bill of Rights Throughout the history of this ever-expanding nation as well as many others, there have been times in which words alone were able to stop an action. Consequences were bountiful and punishment seemed to be thought of on the fly. For instance, a convicted murderer may have gotten thrown in jail, however a man who may have sneezed on the king would have been burned at the stake for â€Å"Crimes against the Kingdom.†   In modern times it seems nearly impossibleRead MoreEssay about 8th Amendment1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe Eighth Amendment The 8th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, as well as the setting of excessive bail or the imposition of excessive fines. However, it has also been deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States (according to the Eighth Amendment)to inflict physical damage on students in a school environment for the purpose of discipline in most circumstances. The 8th Amendment stipulates that bail shall notRead MorePros And Cons Under The 8th Amendment Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pagesunder the 8th Amendment 1. Introduction The U.S. Constitutional Rights are laws that guarantee the basic rights for the citizens.There are twenty-seven Constitutional Amendments in total, but 10 of them represent The Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights ensures the basic individual protections such as freedom of speech and religion. The Bill of Rights became part of the Constitution in December 15, 1791 by George Mason. In my opinion, the 8th amendment is important because this amendment givesRead MoreAre Solitary Confinement and Super-Max Prisons Violating the 8th Amendment?1935 Words   |  8 PagesSince the introduction of solitary confinement and the construction of super-max prison there has an on going debate on whether using these punishment is violating the 8th amendment and also explaining all the health risk caused by solitary confinement. Solitary confinement is when a prisoner is held in a cell alone and they spend between 22.5 and 24 hours a day. Prisoners have no contact with other inmates and guards are also have limited contact with inmates. Solitary confinement was first introducedRead MoreThe Impact Of Civil Justice System On The United States1287 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will provide a written analysis of the impact of the 4th 5th 6th 8th and 14th amendments in the processing of criminals through the justice system, and the impacts it has in the criminal justice systemâ €™s due process and processing of an offender. The process of which the criminal justice system protects defendant’s and victim’s rights is called the Due process. I will attempt to explain how the due process is applied to the U.S. Constitution, to include giving examples, explain the proceduralRead MoreThe Cell Phone Education Regulation Act872 Words   |  4 Pagesschool officials’ decision to keep the cell phones which are confiscated during the random searches, violate the 5th Amendment of the Constitution which guarantees that before any power or authority can take a person’s life, liberty or property, there must be constitutional safeguards set in place? Aren’t the students and their parents afforded due process under the 5th and 14th Amendments of the Constitution which provides the right to receive with ample notice and reason why the Cellular EducationalRead MorePrisoner Rights1245 Words   |  5 Pagesseems prisoner rights have played an essential role in the evolution of the prison system; it has had both positive and negative effects on inmates, and when looking at the key elements in obtaining those rights it is important to recognize the 8th amendment and section 1983 of civil rights litigation. Rights for prisoners can be a great benefit to the individual inmate should they choose to take advantage of them. While in the past, the system may have worked against inmates wanting to haveRead MoreThe Death Penalty : Is It Constitutional Or Moral? Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesopposing Great Britain. Therefore, the framers of the constitution Dyess 2 created rights to protect Americans from wrongful death, improper trails, and unusual punishments. The death penalty is a violation of an American’s 5th, 8th, and 14th amendments. The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states, No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the

Essay on Implications of Teenage Pregnancy in the United...

According to experts approximately 9 percent of Unite State teenagers between the ages of 15 and 19 become pregnant every year. And even though some studies have shown that the incidence of teenage pregnancy has generally been in decline since 1991, the causes and effects of underage childbearing has continued to be a big burden on families, the public and government. Babies having babies is the simplistic way that some people have described the specter of having a baby while teenager are unprepared. The United State case study which is the subject of this paper is unique, even though reflecting the same generic features with teenagers elsewhere in the world. Teenage pregnancy is a socio-economic and moral problem in the United State.†¦show more content†¦Previously the figures were persistent 71.5% for United States against France’s 25.7 in 1992 and against Germany’s 18.8 in 1993. And according to United State National Conference of State Legislatures, Latina teens have experienced the smallest decline in teenage pregnancy and birth rate problems during the past few decades. The same organization has stated that teenagers in foster care and those whose life situations relate to gang affiliation are among the high risk groups for early pregnancy. Needless to state the facts that gang activities, drug culture, prostitution and abortion go together and constitute a tangled web of socio-economic challenges and moral bankruptcy in which teenage girls usually get caught up. On the family side of the responsibility burden sharing, the teenage mom and her own parents, if they decide to be involved, bear more of the unintended consequences of premature pregnancy. The teenage father, usually 3 to 5 years older than mom is always an absent role player in most cases. In a large number of cases teenage father is either unemployed, unwilling to take responsibility or trapped in incarceration. Suffice to note that disparities in race, socioeconomic or even geo-cultural settings determine to what extent teenage pregnancy may be a problem; so also the teenage mom’s family willingness andShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy And Public Perception1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this chapter is to provide a literature review of teen pregnancy and public perception. The chapter will begin by examining the decrease of teen pregnancy in America. It will transition to understanding the emotional effects on teen mothers and depict how a pregnant teen’s life could be altered. It will conclude by discussing how the topic of teen pregnancy has caused the President of the United States to take a closer look. This chapter will end with a summary of my research findingsRead MoreSexual Behavior And The Reproductive Health Of Adolescents1221 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavior and the reproductive health of adolescents have emerged into radical public health matters (Danawi, 2016). For years, schools have aimed to save sex educati on for high school students, but now with the rising numbers in unintended teen pregnancies, there needs to be a transition into contraceptive education at an earlier age. There are many threats that are posed with ineffective education regarding contraceptives and fertility control. For global health to be attained; younger generationsRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1546 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy is pregnancy in human females under the age of 20 at the time that the pregnancy ends. Low-income communities have the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the United States. Because of the fact that this is a very controversial issue in the United States, it is very important that most questions be addressed. Questions like, why is a teenage girl in Mississippi four times as likely to give birth as a teenage girl in New Hampshire? Or why is the teen birth rate in Massachusetts 19Read MoreEssay on Teenage Pregnancy and Prevention1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe public sector cost in 2004 is $950 million dollars for teenage births (Hoffman, 2006). Billions of taxpayer dollars are spent every year to care and support teenage births. Although teen pregnancy has declined in the past, the United States is still number one out of all industrialized countries of teen pregnancies. Therefore, implementing an in depth sex education class covering parenting in schools will allow teens to fully understand he consequences of having protected or unprotected sex.Read MoreThe Social Issue Regarding Teen Pregnancy756 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose: The social issue regarding teen pregnancy is still very prevalent in the United States. Teen pregnancy is a huge issue because it is known to have a negative effect on the mother and most importantly the child. An initial study was conducted on two teenage mothers prior to having their child. The researcher wanted to further investigate the same population for a better understanding of teenage motherhood. The purpose of case study was to examine the perceptions of two adolescent mothersRead MoreThe Prevention of Teen Pregnancy1638 Words   |  7 PagesTeen Pregnancy Specific Purpose: To persuade others to help prevent teen pregnancy. Thesis Statement: Teen pregnancy is one of the most difficult experiences a young woman passes through. The stress of pregnancy, revealing of the pregnancy to parents, and moving on despite the shame and worry can be terrifying. Some may say they did not use protection because they werent planning to have sex. These kinds of life altering choices must be considered in advance in order to prevent teen pregnancy. IntroductionRead MoreEssay about Sample Research Proposal on Teenage Pregnancy1172 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Sample Research Proposal on Teenage Pregnancy    Introduction This research proposal implies on teenage pregnancy and its effect on academic progression. There will be association between teenage pregnancy and academic progression places evidence that education should put weight on reality adhering to teenage pregnancy. Understanding teenage pregnancy within UK context is adamant to the purpose of study. Thus, the expectation that teenage pregnancy will be reduced by proper academic programsRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesTeenage pregnancy has long been acknowledged as an important health, social and economic problem in the United States, one that creates hardships for women and families and threatens the health and well-being of women and their infants. Unintended pregnancies span across age, race and religion, with a specific negative impact among the teenage population. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2016) In 2015, a total of 229,715 babies were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a birth rat eRead MoreA Brief Analysis Of Sex Education1134 Words   |  5 Pagesand women in the United States typically begin having sexual intercourse during adolescence at a mean age of 16.9 years for men and 17.4 for women† (Landry, Darroch, Singh, Higgins, 2003). Because adolescents are participating in sexual activities at such an early age, sexual education is needed now more than ever to help students â€Å"make healthy and responsible decisions about whether to have intercourse and how to protect themselves and their partners from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmittedRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1743 Words   |  7 Pagesnegative media teenage mothers struggle to find the positive sides to motherhood. Teenage pregnancy can be dificult and life changing, but unlike the renowned negative beliefs all over the world, there are positive sides to teenage pregnancy. Most research that is done on teen pregnancy is based on the hardships and struggles on teen mothers, making it easy to forget the good that can come from teen pregnancy. A teenage mother can create a good life for herself and her children. Teenage mothers are

Why One Should Not Steal Free Essays

Someone would say stealing is only right when you are poor, homeless, or to help your family. There are many times when people have said â€Å"we needed to steal even though we did not want to, because we had to survive. † In my opinion, no matter what the circumstances are, stealing anything, from anyone, is not morally right, is unjust, causes consequences, and most importantly, defies, breaks, and sometimes completely diminishes, trust. We will write a custom essay sample on Why One Should Not Steal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although I did not intentionally steal from my parents, this essay will be about why stealing money from parents is wrong. First of all, stealing things is not morally or ethically, the right thing to do. At a young age, people learn that taking things from other people without their permission is not going to be accepted as good behaviour. It is important to know that if something isn’t yours, you do not have a right to it. I’m pretty sure even in the bible it says; â€Å"thou shall not steal. † If you know something is going to be frowned upon if done, or that you would be frowned upon, upon participating in something, you simply should not partake in that action. Another reason stealing should not be performed, is because it is unjust. Just like Antoine Lavoisier’s Law of Conservation of Mass, to gain something physical from one person, means that person must have lost something. Stealing money from someone means that the amount you took is the amount they lost, and they have to make up for that loss somehow. This is not fair, because the person earned that money themselves, and should not have to work extra, to accommodate more than just them. The effort they are making for the money is not equal to the effort the thief is making, which is unjust. Thirdly, people should refrain from robbing others, is because what comes with crime or bad behavior, is consequences. Stealing is obviously against the law. If caught doing it, it could cause you to have that on your record and this could hinder you from getting a job, etc. Not to mention, in the end, it is your loss, because you would get fined, or have to pay off the value of what you had taken. On a less lawful note, your parents could find out, and this could bring about many repercussions, of their choice. If that doesn’t scare you, you are of another species. Lastly, and most importantly, stealing destroys almost all trust you had with the person you stole from. Robbing things can leave someone, such as my parents, to feel utterly betrayed. They think they have a good relationship with you, and then when you take something from them without their permission, it can make them re-evaluate the bond they have with you. Stealing makes people feel vulnerable and sad, like you used them, and don’t care about their feelings, values, beliefs or thoughts. This can seriously affect what they (and other people) think of you, and you never know, you may need them at some point and they won’t be there to help you. This is because they will remember what you did to them, and think twice before doing something nice to/for you. Clearly, it is not worth it to steal anything, from anyone because it will not affect you positively in the end. I have learned my lesson, and will never take money if I am not one hundred percent sure it is mine. My sincere apologies for my actions, and I will pay you back every penny of it. How to cite Why One Should Not Steal, Papers

Cloning Essay Research Paper For the last free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper For the last few decennaries, cloning was a fabricated thought that lay deep within the pages of some sci-fi novels. The really thought that cloning could one twenty-four hours go world was thought to be a scientific impossibleness by many experts but on one tickle pinking twenty-four hours, what was thought to be? strictly fiction? became world. That all right twenty-four hours was February 22, 1997. A squad from the Roslin Institute which was lead by Dr. Ian Wilmut changed the face of history forever by uncovering what looked like an mean sheep. That sheep was what was traveling to be one of the most celebrated if non the most celebrated sheep in modern twenty-four hours. Dolly was this seven month old Trojan lamb? s name and Dolly was the first of all time ringer of a mammal. She was an exact biological C transcript, a research lab forgery of her female parent. In kernel, Dolly was her female parent? s biological twin. What surprised most thought, was non merely the fact that Dolly was a ringer but was that the fast one to Wilmut and his squad? s success was a fast one that was so clever yet so simple that any skilled research lab technician could get the hang it. Therein, lied a tract towards a new hereafter. This intelligence shocked the universe for Dolly was the key to many new and comfortable possibilities. But Dolly was non the first ringer of all time. Cloning of a more limited kind had been done before her. Animals such as mice, toads and salamanders had been cloned from every bit early as the 1950? s. Then, a different process was used. This process included the devastation of the nucleus inside the egg cell. Then a new? giver? cell would be brought and injected into the egg cell as a replacing. The egg would so turn into an offspring of the same familial makeup as the giver. Subsequently on in the 1970? s a new technique was deve loped. This technique included reassigning the cistrons from one being to another by uniting the Deoxyribonucleic acid from a works or animate being cell with the Deoxyribonucleic acid in bacteriums. When the bacterium divided the cells were now the ringers of both plant/animal Deoxyribonucleic acid every bit good as the Deoxyribonucleic acid it had originally. This cloning technique allowed for the growing of many hormone system interventions such as endocrine, insulin and interferon. In 1993, research workers in the US began and successfully cloned a human embryo in order to develop new ways to handle human sterility. This was accomplished utilizing the Deoxyribonucleic acid technique ( the bacterium method ) but stirred up tremendous vehement calls for the populace considered this? forcing engineering merely excessively far? . Soon after in the mid 1990? s, a squad from the Roslin Institute ( the Godheads of Dolly ) discovered a new and more efficient method of cloning. A method that was so sim ple, any in-veto lab could of done it fifty years ago; A method that was of great simplicity but it also allowed the lab technician to pick their desired healthy, mature sheep instead of the usual random lamb. This resulted in a better sheep. The scientists did not have to take there chances with nature now. This method of cloning was one of great similarity to the procedure created in the 50?s. An egg cell was taken from the udder of the Finn Dorset ewe and placed in low concentrate to allow the cell to stop dividing. Then the nucleus of a Blackface ewe along with its DNA was sucked out leaving an empty cell with all the necessary cellular machinery to successfully produce a embryo. Using the two cells, (the cell from the Finn Dorset and the cell from the Blackface) an electric pulse was created by placing them next to one another. Then another electric pulse was created which mimicked that of the one before it. This summoned the cells to begin divide. As the cells grew in number, a embryo slowly began to be made and soon it was ready to be injected back into the body of another sheep. Using this same or a similar procedure, a human clone may one day be born. A group of American scientists lead by Richard Seed have decided to give it a try and on January 6, 1998 they announced that the start of human cloning would be soon under way. Seed claimed that his purposes were solely for infertile couples (couples who are unable to produce a baby) and not meant for misuse. Seed?s soon-to-be experiment has been creating lots of controversy between the ethics of human cloning. This issue is rapidly becoming a larger and larger issue more and more every day. Major world leaders (a.k.a. American President Bill Clinton) are even getting involved in the dispute by proposing a five year ban on human cloning which was signed by thirteen different countries. The public is even in favor of this ban according to a recent TIME poll where 64.3% of the 2358 people asked agreed tha t laws should be adapted to prohibit human clones. Who knows what may be in our future if Seed?s experiment is successful. Could we one day clone Adolph Hitler? Could immortality be achieved? Could a single drop of your blood result in an army of clones? These questions are all possibilities which leaves you lots of room to consider the future of cloning. Maybe we should stop and allow mother nature to take her course; Maybe we should go on in hopes of new discoveries. The possibilities seem endless. I guess we will just have to wait and see what the future holds for us but until then, we shall lift out heads high and hope of a bright future.

Constitutional Interpretation Essays - , Term Papers

Constitutional Interpretation The question of Constitutional interpretation still has yet to be resolved. Should only the explicit commands of our nation's Founding Fathers be referenced in courts of law, or can it be justified that an outside body should extrapolate from the specific text of the Constitution to define and defend additional fundamental rights? Further, if this body, namely the Supreme Court, bases its decisions of constitutional relevance not wholly on exact interpretation, then regardless of reason, are they wholly illegitimate? The non-interpretive model allows the Court to interpret beyond the exact wording of the Constitution to define and protect the values of a society. The question of how the non-interpretative model can be justified must be answered. Despite much remaining confusion between the two models, it is clear that history has chosen the non-interpretative model without which many of the defining points in our nation's history would be unjustified. The overwhelming strength of the non-interpretive model is that it has allowed for many fundamental decisions that have served to protect the natural rights of the members of this society. If on the other hand the interpretive model is to be accepted, a significant number of decisions must be revoked. Briefly, the majority of the due process clause is no longer justified. Fair criminal and civil procedures must be dismantled since they have no specific textual reference in the Constitution. Freedom of speech, religion, and property rights are all called in question. Also affected is the legitimacy of franchise and legislative apportionment bodies of doctrine. The equal protection clause of the Constitution when read literally outlines the defense of some forms of racial discrimination. However, it does not immediately guarantee the right to vote, eligibility for office, or the right to serve on a jury. Additionally, the clause does not suggest that equal-facility segregation is not to be allowed. Finally, the freedom from cruel and unusual punishments as outlined in the eighth amendment loses its flexibility. In this manner, a prima facie argument against the interpretive model is evident. Without the ability to move beyond the specific wording, the Court loses its authority to protect what society values as basic human rights. A fundamental question relevant to this debate is whether or not values within our society are time-enduring or changing. When the Supreme Court makes a controversial decision, does it use the text of the Constitution to legitimize principles of natural law, social norms and arrangements? Or, is it acting as an interpreter of slowly changing values and imposing its views on society through its decisions? The Constitution is not a stagnant document; it is very much alive and changing with the times. Critics argue that the amendment process was created to allow change and that the role of the Judiciary does not include the power to change stated commands in addition to that of enforcing them. However, in many cases, the amendment process is inadequate for clarification of issues of human rights. A great virtue of the non-interpretive model is that the Court has the power to strike down unconstitutional legislation that allows for the Court to preserve the rights of the people. Non-interpretation then requires the application of understood codes, yet the decision-making process is far from mechanical. Critics contest that the Court should not have the ability to interpret societal values in a given period of time. However, as has been shown, history has upheld this tradition. A number of questions now arise. Is it practically wise to place the responsibility to define and protect human rights in the hands of Supreme Court Justices? The answer lies in one's interpretation of history. While it is true that the Court has made decisions that reflect its own biases and interests, it can be shown that the Court has also consistently acted to secure the rights of citizens and to limit federal and state powers. Following, is the definition and enforcement of human rights a judicial task? The adjudication of the Supreme Court over issues of human rights as opposed to this power residing in other branches of government must be answered. While there is no direct statement regarding judicial review in the Constitution, Marbury v. Madison is referenced here as the greatest of all cases justifying this judicial power. Thus arises the penultimate question of the authority of the Supreme Court. Constitutional adjudication was allowed for implicitly by the Founding Fathers. Only some of the principles of higher law were written down in the original document; however, the distinction between those laws protecting natural rights and positive law was a

ENERGY CONSERVATION Essays - State Functions, Heat Transfer

ENERGY CONSERVATION Essays - State Functions, Heat Transfer ENERGY CONSERVATION 1. How does the final temperature compare with the initial temperature of the hot and cold water for trial? The final temperature goes between the temperature of the hot and cold water. If the amount of the cold water is more then the amount of the hot water, then the final temperature will be closer to the temperature of cold water. If the amount of the hot water is more then the amount of the cold water, then the final temperature will be closer to the temperature of the hot water. 2. How does the energy lost by the hot water compare with the energy gained by the cold water? The energy lost by the hot water and the energy gained by the cold water are very close amounts if they both are same mass. If the amount of hot water is more then the mass of the cold water, the energy gained by the cold water will be more then the energy lost by the hot water. If the amount of cold water is more then the mass of the hot water, the energy lost by the hot water will be more then the energy gained by the cold water. 3. What happens to the amount of heat transferred as the amount of water is changed? I know that the amount of water can effect the amount of heat transferred. The amount of heat transferred increases when the amount of water increases. 4. Does your data ( energy difference ) support the law of energy? If not, why? Yes, my data support the law of energy. Conclusion What happens to hot and cold objects when they are brought together? The hot objects will lose energy and the cold object will gain energy from the hot objects. The temperature of the hot objects will go down and the temperature of the cold objects will go up when they are brought together. The final temperature will be between the temperatures of hot and cold objects.

Goodwill and routine emails Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Goodwill and routine emails - Essay Example I encourage you to consider the power of the written word. Please review the following website to gain valuable insight about how to best make this happen: http://csun.edu/vcecn006/email.html. 5) No personal emails are to be sent from any company computer. Please remember that our resources are limited, and we need to reserve space on our sever strictly for communication with our clients. This includes no forwarding of emails and no mass emails to company departments, without approval of your immediate supervisor. I realize that change is difficult at first, but this new policy is being implemented in an effort to step up the level of great service we already offer to our clients. We need to begin carefully consider how we reach out to our customers and how the words we say impact our ability to close the sale. While these changes are non-negotiable, I certainly understand that you may have some questions about them. Please know that my door is always open and I am available to help explain the rationale behind these decisions. In addition, my management team stands at the ready to help you implement these changes. You will, for example, want to create folders in your inbox in order to retain and organize your messages. This can be done with ease, but it would be helpful to know some shortcuts to make that transition simple and painless. Please begin scheduling times with your team if you need assistance. Remember that the company email policy does go into effect on Monday, so I hope that each of you spends the remainder of the week getting yourselves prepared. As mentioned in our course readings, it is important to write professional emails in a business setting. Since emails are meant to simulate verbal conversations, we need to ensure that we maintain a proper tone in our communication. This involves, among other things, avoiding all capital letters, alternative font

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Technology Advancements and Stem Cells in Hemophilia Treatment - Research Paper Example Science has technology has made significant progress in the last few years, what looked implausible a few years ago has become plausible today and what looks implausible today will become plausible tomorrow. Several major breakthroughs have been achieved in the last few years. Many new drugs have been invented to combat killer diseases and several lives have been saved because of these newly invented drugs. The invention of Stem cells has made life so much better. Significant progress in the field of stem cells was made by Dr. Ernest A. McCulloch and Dr. James E. They started working in unison in the 1960s and their research laid an ideal platform for the others to take it forward from there and that is exactly what the others did. Stem cells are really useful and they have saved several lives which would not have been plausible had stem cells not been invented. â€Å"Mouse embryonic stem cells treated in culture with a growth factor and then injected into the liver reverse a form of hemophilia in mice analogous to hemophilia B in humans, the new study shows.† (Stem Cells Treated with Growth Factor) The versatility of the stem cells is arguably their biggest strongest point, stem cells can easily grow in certain bodies and they are more than capable of achieving specialized functions. In addition to this, they can also renew themselves on their very own and this versatility makes them really useful. There are two types of stem cells namely, Embryonic stem cells and Adult stem cells. The two are really different from each other and understandably have different characteristics.  

Censorship And Right To Free Speech And Expression Philosophy Essay

Censorship And Right To Free Speech And Expression Philosophy Essay Right of free speech, one of the fundamental building blocks of a liberal democracy, has often been at odds with the hindrance posed by censorship to the unabated exercise of such right. While the use of censorship as a weapon to stifle counter opinions has indeed been granted socio-political legitimacy in regimes authoritarian as well as liberal, nonetheless, the intrinsic importance of the role played by censorship as a shield rather than a sword can hardly be neglected. In course of this paper, the author intends to emphasize that the very divergent nature of social mores in different jurisdictions and across different regimes worldwide strengthens the necessity for existence of censorship, albeit in varying degrees to suit the differing requirements of the aforesaid regimes. Any attempt to evolve a universalistic practice has scarce little options other than to turn into more of a farcical legitimization of Super Power Hegemonies, owing to the blatant disregard of the said inhere nt diversities that such universalism is likely to enforce. I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. Evelyn Beatrice Hall  [1]   Goebbels was in favor of free speech for views he liked. So was Stalin. If youre in favor of free speech, then youre in favor of freedom of speech precisely for views you despise. Otherwise, youre not in favor of free speech. Noam Chomsky  [2]   When compared with the suppression of anarchy every other question sinks into insignificance. The anarchist is the enemy of humanity, the enemy of all mankind, and his is a deeper degree of criminality than any other. No immigrant is allowed to come to our shores if he is an anarchist; and no paper published here or abroad should be permitted circulation in this country if it propagates anarchist opinions. Theodore Roosevelt  [3]   Free Speech and Censorship A Brief Introduction Free Speech is one of the constitutional guarantees of a liberal democracy a right recognized by all International Human Rights Documents. It is an amalgamation of the Right to Freedom of Conscience, Thought, Choice and the ultimate expression, without being subjected to arbitrary blocks on its enjoyment, in the form of Censorship. Censorship, on the other hand, is the process of imposing checks, direct or indirect, governmental or otherwise, on the exercise of ones Right to Free Speech. Apparently, this phenomenon can be perceived as a blunt curb on ones basic Right to Liberty, but on another plane, it can be looked at in the form of a necessary evil a limitation on ones Human Rights in order to uphold the Communitys Human Rights. The broad social purposes of censorship can be laid down as to ensure that ordinary members of the community are not affronted by the display of material to which a majority of reasonable adults would object, to maintain a level of public decency, and to avoid the undesirable social effects which may flow from the normalisation, by its use in entertainment or other dissemination, of undesirable material.  [4]   This paper aims to look at the interconnected nature of the two, keeping in mind the inherent diversities in different socio-political systems, and varied constructions of the two phenomena ultimately leading to the unmistakable impressions about the questions of Democracy, Politics and Power. In course of this article, the author has accepted as a foundational hypothesis the fact that throughout history and across jurisdictions, it has been noted that Censorship has been more often than not used to suppress counter-opinions be it political or religious; this practice has been conferred political and legal legitimacy in jurisdictions alike, be it the most Authoritarian or the most Democratic of regimes. Suffice to say that more often than not, Censorship has been used as a sword rather than as a shield. However, this does not take away the intrinsic value of the check. Indeed, the need for Censorship is evident from the divergent nature of the social mores, albeit differently in different jurisdictions trying to evolve a universalistic practice would thus disregard these inherent diversities, and would be more of a farcical legitimization of super power hegemonies. Categories of Censorship Paul O Higgins distinguishes Censorship into the following types  [5]  : Autonomous Self-censorship brought about by conscious or unconscious motives, which makes an individual wither to refrain from expressing his or her views or alter the same. Social Discouragement of the expression of certain ideas, either through socialization or sanctions, which lead to the emergence of taboos. Legal Enforcement of restraint by legal institutions such as the government, police and the courts prior censorship or penal censorship. Extra-legal Telephone Tapping, d-notices, limited release of information about defendant at trial. Voluntary When an institution with shared common beliefs lays down upon constituents limitations on what they should or should not say or do, without sanctions Press Council norms, etc. Subterranean When an individual or institution uses powers set aside for another purpose to impose censorship without direct government involvement political censorship. Free Speech and Censorship An International Human Rights Recognition Free Speech is an internationally guaranteed Civil and Political Right. However, this Right is subject to Reasonable Restrictions in the form of Censorship in most Human Rights Treaties and Systems. The main reason that can be attributed to such restraint is the requirement of public policy the apprehensions about the abhorrent effects that an unbridled exercise of this Right may produce. Given below is a list of the provisions from different Human Rights Treaties both International and Regional, which deal with the Human Right to Free Speech, and the operation of Censorship upon it. Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Article 19, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1) Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. (2) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. (3) The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals. General Comment No. 10 (29/06/83): Paragraph 1 requires protection of the right to hold opinions without interference. This is a right to which the Covenant permits no exception or restriction. Paragraph 2 requires protection of the right to freedom of expression, which includes not only freedom to impart information and ideas of all kinds, but also freedom to seek and receive them regardless of frontiers and in whatever medium, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. Paragraph 3 expressly stresses that the exercise of the right to freedom of expression carries with it special duties and responsibilities and for this reason certain restrictions on the right are permitted which may relate either to the interests of other persons or to those of the community as a whole. Article 10, European Convention on Human Rights (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises. (2) The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary. Article 13, Inter-American Convention on Human Rights (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and expression. This right includes freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing, in print, in the form of art, or through any other medium of ones choice. (2)  The exercise of the right provided for in the foregoing paragraph shall not be subject to prior censorship but shall be subject to subsequent imposition of liability, which shall be expressly established by law to the extent necessary to ensure: (a)  respect for the rights or reputations of others; or (b) the protection of national security, public order, or public health or morals. (3) The right of expression may not be restricted by indirect methods or means, such as the abuse of government or private controls over newsprint, radio broadcasting frequencies, or equipment used in the dissemination of information, or by any other means tending to impede the communication and circulation of ideas and opinions. (4) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 above, public entertainments may be subject by law to prior censorship for the sole purpose of regulating access to them for the moral protection of childhood and adolescence. (5) Any propaganda for war and any advocacy of national, racial, or religious hatred that constitute incitements to lawless violence or to any other similar action against any person or group of persons on any grounds including those of race, color, religion, language, or national origin shall be considered as offenses punishable by law. Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression Freedom of expression in all its forms and manifestations is a fundamental and inalienable right of all individuals. Additionally, it is an indispensable requirement for the very existence of a democratic societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Every person has the right to seek, receive and impart information and opinions freely under terms set forth in Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights. All people should be afforded equal opportunities to receive, seek and impart information by any means of communication without any discrimination for reasons of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, economic status, birth or any other social conditionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Prior censorship, direct or indirect interference in or pressure exerted upon any expression, opinion or information transmitted through any means of oral, written, artistic, visual or electronic communication must be prohibited by law. Restrictions to the free circulation of ideas and opinions, as well as the arbitrary imposition of information and the imposition of obstacles to the free flow of information violate the right to freedom of expressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Prior conditioning of expressions, such as truthfulness, timeliness or impartiality, is incompatible with the right to freedom of expression recognized in international instruments. These inherent variations in the level and nature of governmental control over Freedom of Expression also accounted for in the National Constitutions, Statutes and Judicial Decisions collectively constitute the subject-matter of an interesting study, especially in light of the fact that they are also indicative of the extent of democratization and totalitarianism inherent in these countries. Thus, the First Amendment to the US Constitution  [6]  and the Glavlit System of Pre-Censorship existent in former USSR and many East European Countries  [7]  , throw light on two different ends of the spectrum. Somewhere in the middle lies the Brit-ECHR system of giving a bag full of Rights, and then putting sufficient, and very often, more than sufficient, restrictions on their enjoyment. These variations are the results of the systems of governance and the Historical Evolution of Free Speech in these national jurisdictions inasmuch as they account for an enormous blow upon those who tend to argue about the Universalistic Nature of International Human Rights. Censorship and Free Speech A Nexus with Questions of Power, Authority, Liberty and Democracy: A Comparative Critique of World Systems and Disputes of Theories John Locke, one of the Founding Fathers of the Liberal View, advocated a Minimalist State intervention regime in his Life, Liberty and Property, which, according to him, were inalienable rights.  [8]  John Stuart Mills Theory of Marketplace of Ideas stated that if we suppress an opinion, it may turn out to be true. To assume otherwise is to assume that we are infallible, which is not the case  [9]  . According to O.W. Holmes, the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, and that truth is the only ground upon which their wishes safely can be carried outà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ in Abrams v. U.S.  [10]  where, in his dissenting judgement, he also laid down that a governmental regulation on Free Speech is only justified where it is used to dispel a clear and immiment danger. Otherwise, the market should be left to determine the veracity of the assertion. This opinion of Holmes was later accepted by the US Supreme Court whe n it overturned Abrams  [11]  and upheld Holmes Clear and Imminent Danger Theory in Brandanburg v. Ohio  [12]  during the Vietnam War. According to Prof. Rodney O. Smolla  [13]  , Free Speech Serves Five Purposes in a Democracy: (a) As a means of participation, (a) Serving the purpose of Truth, (c) Facilitating majority rule, (d) Providing Restraint on Tyranny and Corruption by keeping the Government in Check, and (e) ensuring stability by allowing minority voices to be heard.  [14]   However, the Marketplace of Ideas rationale for Freedom of Speech has been criticized by scholars on the grounds that it is wrong to assume the assertion that all ideas will enter the marketplace of ideas, and even if they do, some ideas may drown out others merely because they enjoy dissemination through superior resources. The marketplace is also criticized for its assumption that truth will necessarily triumph over falsehood. It is visible throughout history that people may be swayed by emotion rather than reason, and even if truth ultimately prevails, enormous harm can occur in the interim. Alan Haworth, in his book Free Speech (1998)  [15]  , has suggested that the metaphor of a marketplace of ideas is misleading. He opines that Mills classic defence of free speech does not develop the idea of a market (as later suggested by Holmes) but essentially argues for the freedom to develop and discuss ideas in the search for truth or understanding. In developing this argument, Hawor th says, Mill pictured society not as a marketplace of ideas, but as something more like a large-scale academic seminar. This implies the need for tacit standards of conduct and interaction, including some degree of mutual respect. That may well limit the kinds of speech that are justifiably protected. Political Extremism and Censorship This is an issue that is very essential and relevant in the contemporary world the question whether one should allow a platform for Fundamentalist and Extremist Organizations like the Al Qaida to propagate freely their views through their Private Television the Al Jazeera TV, or ought there be governmental curbs on such broadcasting. An interesting debate on this subject had been voiced in the May, 1994 issue of The Guardian  [16]  , where two noted columnists argued on a similar issue related to providing a platform to the extremist British Nationalist Party. According to Seamus Milne  [17]  , who advocated a curb on the BNPs Right to Free Speech, the BNP necessarily violates the Human Rights of a large section of the population, and, by doing so, it has justified the abridgement of their Right to Freedom of Speech. The oxygen of publicity, if given to them, would help the spread of racism. On the other hand, Polly Toynbee  [18]  argued that the banning of a particular group may set a precedent by which any group that does not conform to a norm is rendered prone to a similar ban. According to him, Free Speech is not absolute but we must be free to speak our political minds, and listen to political opinions of others, however nasty.  [19]  This statement of his has an uncanny resemblance to the Marketplace of Ideas Theory, thereby highlighting its relevance in the contemporary world. Use of Offensive Language on College Campuses The issue was the imposition of a Speech Code banning the use of offensive language at Stanford University. According to Gerald Gunther  [20]  , Speech should not and cannot be banned simply because it is offensive to substantial parts of, or a majority of, a community. The refusal to suppress offensive speech is one of the most difficult obligations the free speech principle imposes upon all of us; yet it is also one of the First Amendments greatest glories indeed, it is a central test of a communitys commitment to free speech. However, Charles Lawrence  [21]  opined that restrictions reflected genuine demands from students from minority ethnic groups, who had through harassment been denied the Right to Equality of Education. Being a supporter of the Hobbesian Principle of a Right for a Citizen to expect from the State Security of Person, Lawrence was thus advocating the same guarantee from a Welfare State, be it at the cost of restricting the offensive operation of some others unrestricted Right. Pornography, Sexuality and Obscenity an analysis of the Changing Voices This is an area where views and opinions have a range encompassing a whole spectrum. For some, pornography is a threat to a moral order, whereas for others, it is a mark of emancipation from bondages. The Libertarians seek to uphold individual freedoms and oppose state interference. According to then, States authority to make laws is only pertaining to the Public Sphere and not on the individual choices and preferences in the Private Sphere (The First Amendment Assertion has been illustrated by Justice Thurgood Marshall in Stanley v. Georgia  [22]  where he says that if First Amendment means anything at all, it means that a state has no business telling a man, sitting alone in his own house, what books he must read or what films he must watch. This liberal fundament was also supported by the Wolfendon Committee Report in the UK. (H.L.A. Hart had also been a known supporter of a similar view and had argued for a separation of the private and the public spheres  [23]  ). Sexual repression is itself more damaging than sexual openness, according to the Libertarian view. However, according to Conservatives, Pornography is a threat to moral order and stability, and the material itself is disgusting and unworthy of publicity. Moreover, the Conservatives believe that State is empowered to pass laws controlling both Public and Private activities, as has been evident from Devlins dissent to the findings of the Wolfendon Committee  [24]  . If one looks at the Feminist Movements, and the jurisprudence emerging there from, history shows changes and evolutions at every stage. Traditionally, feminists have supported the liberal cause, celebrating the need to discover the body and sexuality as a tool of emancipation from bondages. In the 1970s, Realist feminists stressed that pornography was not only damaging to womens status in society, but also dangerous to their safety. Thus, pornography not only provides the foundations for, but also is, violence against women.  [25]  Hence, according to the Liberal Feminists, pornography is not essentially a question of mere censorship, but a question of the womens Human Rights as a whole.  [26]  However, the 1990s have seen a shift in the trend. Avedon Carol  [27]  has claimed that women are suppressed not because of pornography but because of censorship. Wendy McElroy  [28]  has warned that anti-pornography legislations might result in a backlash against Feminism. Jea n Seaton  [29]  has suggested that the Realist feminists run the risk of losing touch with the roots of feminism, in the Civil Liberties and emancipatory movements. Melissa Benn  [30]  argues that the problem is one of structural sexism, and censoring pornography would not solve the problem. Instead, anti-sexist laws need to be established. The underlining philosophy behind the divergent philosophies is the fact that while one looks at the issue of censorship, one can look at it from two distinct planes the Moralist plane, identifying the evils contained in what needs or needs not to be censored; and a Causalist plane  [31]  , which would need to look at the effects of the commission or omission of Censorship. The decades of the Feminist Movement indicated drastic shifts in views, from the Moralist Plane to the Causalist Plane, and vice versa thereby leading to the wide divergence in opinions. The Use or Non-Use of Censorship in Different Regimes This section is a skeletal overview of the existing politico-judicial approaches towards Free Speech and Censorship on select issues in the US, UK, former USSR and India, which would adequately throw light on the kind of governance and degrees of guarantee of Human Rights in the individual regimes. Interesting to note, the instances referred to would be more of acts of a Subterranean Censorship imposition of Censorship through means not directly aimed at doing so. Issue USA UK Former USSR India Speech that may lead to Rioting, i.e. localized violence Edwards v. South Carolina  [32]  : Clear and Present Danger Test. New York Times v. US  [33]  : Prior Restraints on Speech and Press are constitutionally very suspect. Wise v. Dunning  [34]  : Anyone who utters something that is likely to lead to violence can be punished. Street Corner Orator? Anti State Speeches? Unheard of. Reports about Soviet Police disallowing observance of Human Rights Dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦tells a taleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ A/19 (2): Public Order a ground for imposing restrictions. S/144, CrPC a tool for imposing preemptive indirect censorship. Counter Doctrines and Subversive Groups Anti-Communist Activities in the 40s supported by legislations like the Smith Act and Supreme Court Decisions like Dennis v. US  [35]  where the evil produced by such Speech was Grave and not Improbable. However, situations changed post-Brandanberg. Concept of seditious libel R v. Aldred  [36]  . Any incitement to use force against State was seditious libel. Soviet Criminal Code punished Agitation or propaganda carried out with the purpose of subverting or weakening the Soviet Regimeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ essentially, anti-Communist Campaigns. Preventive Detention Act, s/124A of the IPC and, on a broader political plane, imposition of A/356 on grounds of Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery. Criticism of the Government and Public Officials New York Times v. Sullivan  [37]  : No punishment if actual malice cannot be proved. Initially, strong Contempt of Court Jurisdiction, even in case of Fair Criticisms of Judicial procedures and decisions R v. Editor of New Statesman  [38]  . However, standards of stringency notably lower now. No difference between criticism and subversion hence, repression was the result. Sullivan standards not followed. Contempt and Privilege very strong tools in the hands of the State. Moreover, imposition of MISA and Repressive Press Laws during Emergency. Sexually Oriented Materials Miller Test  [39]   liberal standards. Hicklin Test  [40]   Rigidity. Strict pre-Censorship of Pornographic Material by the Glavlit. Largely influenced by Hicklin gradual liberalization post Bandit Queen. The obvious conclusion that emerges out of an analysis of this Table is that the US is the Country which, through the Constitutional Assertion of the First Amendment and a liberal, yet vigilant judiciary, and a Democratic Governance system, been the highest protectors of the Free Speech Rights. Admitted that the events of 9/11 have forced the US to make more stringent laws often aiming to curb Personal Liberties, but still, it has been a guiding light in the direction ahead, at least it seems so. But, how true is this assertion? Is it, like much other propaganda, only an ideological and hegemonic whitewash of the only surviving superpower? The list of incidents below, which deals with Governmental acts of subversion of the voice of conscience in the US and other Western Countries is self-explanatory  [41]  : Voice of America, a federally supported international broadcasting organization, decided not to air a story that included parts of a rare interview with the leader of Afghanistans ruling Taliban, Mullah Mohammed Omar. Those who deny that the military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip by Israel, its use of extrajudicial executions against Palestinian gunmen, the Israeli gunning down of schoolboy stone-throwers, the wholesale theft of Arab land to build homes for Jews, is in some way wrong would like all criticism of Israel to be labeled as anti-Semitic thus branding the critics statements as heinous and unworthy of consideration. Military autopsy reports provide indisputable proof that detainees are being tortured to death while in US military custody. Yet the US corporate media are covering it up. Dr. Elsebeth Baumgartner currently faces up to 109 years in prison in the U.S. state of Ohio for her criticism of, and accusations of corruption against, government officials in Ohio. In Canada, school teachers have limited freedom of speech, both on and off the job, regarding certain issues (e.g., homosexuality). Chris Kempling was suspended without pay for writing letters, on his own time, to a local newspaper to object to LGBT-related material being introduced into public schools. Kempling pursued the freedom of speech issue all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada without success. By the Official Secrets Act, the London government has the power, throughout the UK, to order that certain subjects are abs

The Rich Brother by Tobias Wolff Essay -- Sibling Rivalry, Rich Brothe

The short story, "The Rich Brother," by Tobias Wolff represents the same concept that everyday people all over the world encounter. This portrays how having siblings can be an enormous part of a persons life. The rivalry between siblings is often very competitive, but at the same time similar to magnets. When they are not connected it may seem they are independent and whole, but when examined closely it is obvious they are really relying on each other to function properly. Although Pete and Donald's life are separate and completely different, they are in fact very dependent on each other. The meaning of dependence is the act of being influenced, relying on, or needing someone for aid or support. Dependence is one of the main characteristics that both Pete and Donald portray without it being easily comprehended. Pete needs Donald as much as Donald needs Pete on an emotional level. Throughout this short story Donald is the one that seems to have a life incomparable to Pete's but both brothers are missing something, and that something is each other. The story begins with Wolff describing the two brothers, Pete is the conceited successful brother with a life people dream about, and Donald is the younger brother who attempts to do something for everyone else when he could. Donald had made odd decisions, such as going to live on a farm in which members of his community had bought to form a family of faith. When Donald became unhappy he became dependent on Pete because he had no where to go, no car, and no money. Pete took action and drove out to pick him up to bring him ba ck to his house. If Pete did not care about Donald, even though they are brothers, he would have made Donald be independent and live in the real world. Pete's a... ...e this unfair life for Donald to come out ahead in the end." Donald had invested the one hundred dollars the Pete gave him on what Pete thought was extremely outrageous then got worried when he felt Donald would do something to out smart him. In conclusion, co-dependency and rivalry is very common in the world today. Though it is not a big issue out in the open, it is an emotional attachment that only one can define. In this short story the two main aspects of having siblings is the theme which revolves around codependency and rivalry. Having siblings is a part of everyday life and problems do occur which sometimes makes a person, or changes a person in ways. In this situation, Pete and Donald are completely different people but they are in fact very dependent upon one another. Work Cited Wolff, Tobias. â€Å"The Rich Brother.† Back in the World. New York: Bantam.

Us History Exam notes

An area in social life, Independent of government where Informed citizens can come together and discuss and Influence political action, a domain that used to be solely for political figures and upper society. What were the major components of the public sphere In colonial North America? The public sphere expanded with the raising of literacy rates and the view that participating in politics and reading was fashionable. Some of the influences were numerous coffee shops and pubs, lots of bookshops, Boston Newsletter, first continuously published newspaper.Which early American stands out for his contributions? Benjamin Franklin What were his three major contributions to the growth of the public sphere? Editing the Pennsylvania Gazette which was considered the best edited, founding the Junta, a forum for mutual Improvement and for discussion about politics, and the Library Company of Philadelphia which was the flirt establishment of circulating literature. What component of freedom was e ssential to the establishment and growth of the public sphere? Freedom of expression. Which famous libel trial demonstrated that this freedom was becoming ingrained in he popular imagination? 735 Publisher Zinger brought up on charge of libel against the governor, calling him corrupt, and after he showed evidence that the governor was corrupt he was found not guilty. This showed the public that the truth will always win. Columbian exchange- transatlantic flow of goods W > E – tomatoes, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, corn E > W – sugarcane, rice. Horses, pigs, sheep Black Legend- Based on Lass Cases' book shows image of Spain as uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer, gives other countries Justification to colonize, challenge Spain's old French and Dutch are what kind of empires?Commercial, looking for trading, gold and the Northwest passage England Is what kind of empire? Colonizing, Individual men looking for land, and through the possession of land, freedom and bring them back to the home country to make it wealthier, not focusing on colonization or trade Northwest Passage- Route to Asia through N America English colonization begins with Jamestown in 1607 by Virginia Company 5 Attributes to English Freedom: 1. King subject to rule of law (Magna Cart) 2. Security of persons and property 3. Habeas corpus- cannot be held indefinitely w/out charge 4.Right to face your accuser 5. Right to trial by Jury Mercantilism: There is always a winner and a loser in trade, best to be the person with money, exports should always exceed imports Virginia- tobacco in Chesapeake region, swampy Pennsylvania- Religious freedom for Quakers, no slavery Georgia- meant to be a refuge for the English poor, became large slave owning plantation state, rice and indigo Carolinas: Indigo and Rice Rhode Island and New Jersey- religious freedom Massachusetts- formed with original Plymouth colony.

Discrimination in the Workplace - 2033 Words

Despite popular belief, discrimination occurs every day worldwide. It occurs for different reasons, but is detrimental to any company or individual. The judgments that occur based on physical appearance, height, weight, gender, and race are affecting the potential professional careers of many. Many companies are limiting their full potential due to the fact that they are discriminating interviewees and employees based upon physical traits. It lessens the chances of developing a strong staff due to the stereotypes and generalizations that discrimination lends itself to. Great candidates are being turned away due to the false pretenses that discrimination brings. Although there are laws and organizations protecting the rights of workers, there has not been a stop put to discrimination. Discrimination against one’s appearance includes a wide variety of aspects. There is discrimination due to weight, height, hair color, skin color, hair style, clothing, jewelry†¦ the list continues. Each of these aspects carries a stereotype or generalization. Overweight individuals, or not physically fit, persons are often perceived to be lazy or undisciplined. That being said, employers tend to have a negative connotation towards overweight interviewees. Deborah Rhode, law professor and author of the book The Beauty Bias: The Injustice of Appearance in Life and Law, conducted a study including both males and females. The studied concluded that sixty percent of overweightShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Discrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination1588 Words   |  7 Pagesothers with prejudice because of particular features they possess. Unfortunately, prejudice and discrimination occur even in places which, by definition, should be free of all personal prejudices – specifically, in offices and other business surroundings. This tragedy is called workplace discrimination; not every unfair behavior at work, however, can be assessed as discrimination. 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